An Ancient Ecosystem Under Threat Introduction The
Hyrcanian Forests, stretching for nearly 850 kilometers along the southern
Caspian Sea, are among the world’s most ancient and biologically rich temperate
forests.
Located primarily in northern Iran—with a small extension into Azerbaijan—these forests cover approximately 1.9 million hectares. In 2019, they were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to their exceptional ecological value and their status as a “living fossil” ecosystem.Geological and Ecological Significance A 50-Million-Year-Old Relic These forests date back to the Tertiary period (around 50–60 million years ago). While Ice Age glaciation destroyed most temperate forests in Europe and western Asia, the Hyrcanian region remained ice-free. As a result, it preserved species that have disappeared elsewhere. Biodiversity Hotspot According to UNESCO and the FAO, the Hyrcanian Forests contain: Over 3,200 plant species 80+ tree and shrub species at least 58 mammal species more than 300 bird species Some notable species include: Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana) — Endangered Caspian Tit Maral Red Deer Ironwood tree (Parrotia persica) — A species found almost exclusively in this region Hyrcanian Boxwood (Buxus hyrcana) These forests also serve as a genetic reservoir for many species that colonized Europe after the last glacial period. Cultural and Local Importance The Hyrcanian Forests are deeply interwoven with the lives of northern Iranian communities. They play a central role in: Sustainable wood harvesting (traditionally) Local herbal medicine practices Pastoral lifestyles Ecotourism and nature-based recreation The forests also help stabilize soil, control erosion, and maintain the Caspian Sea’s fragile water cycle. Threats to the Hyrcanian Forests Despite their international significance, the Hyrcanian Forests face severe and growing threats: 1. Deforestation and Illegal Logging Reports show that Iran loses 7,000–10,000 hectares of Hyrcanian forest annually due to illegal logging, mismanagement, and land conversion. 2. Wildfires In recent years, wildfires—often caused by careless human activity, intentional burning, or climate-related drought—have damaged large areas. For example: In 2023 and 2024, multiple fires destroyed hundreds of hectares across Gilan and Mazandaran provinces. Lack of helicopter access and weak emergency infrastructure worsened the damage. 3. Construction and Land-Use Change Road-building, villa construction, and industrial expansion have fragmented forest habitats, threatening wildlife corridors. 4. Climate Change Rising temperatures and decreasing rainfall have made the region more prone to drought, pests, and fire. 5. Overgrazing Unregulated livestock grazing damages young trees and prevents natural forest regeneration. Conservation Efforts Despite challenges, several initiatives aim to protect these forests: UNESCO World Heritage designation (2019) has increased global attention. Iran has implemented a logging ban since 2017, although enforcement remains inconsistent. Local NGOs promote education, reforestation, and community-led conservation. Scientific organizations are studying climate vulnerability and proposing adaptation strategies. Conclusion The Hyrcanian Forests are not just a natural wonder—they are an irreplaceable ecological archive that has survived millions of years of environmental change. Today, they stand at a critical crossroads. Without urgent and effective action, this ancient ecosystem may face irreversible decline. Protecting the Hyrcanian Forests means protecting biodiversity, cultural heritage, and the environmental future of northern Iran. With stronger legal protection, better fire management, community engagement, and international cooperation, this extraordinary forest can endure for generations to come.
